Asbestos: Asbestos can cause a variety of lung
disease from benign pleural plaques tomesothelioma.
Pleural plaques
Pleural plaques are benign and do not undergo malignant change. They are the
most common form of asbestos related lung disease and generally occur after a
latent period of 20-40 years.
Pleural thickening
Asbestos exposure may cause diffuse pleural thickening in a similar pattern to
that seen following an empyema or haemothorax. The underlying pathophysiology
is not fully understood.
Asbestosis
The severity of asbestosis is related to the length of exposure. This is in
contrast to mesothelioma where even very limited exposure can cause disease.
The latent period is typically 15-30 years. Asbestosis typically causes lower
lobe fibrosis. As with other forms of lung fibrosis the most common symptoms
are shortness-of-breath and reduced exercise tolerance.
Mesothelioma
Mesothelioma is a malignant disease of the pleura. Crocidolite (blue) asbestos
is the most dangerous form.
Possible features
progressive shortness-of-breath
chest pain
pleural effusion
Patients are usually offered palliative chemotherapy and there is also a
limited role for surgery and radiotherapy. Unfortunately the prognosis is very
poor, with a median survival from diagnosis of 8-14 months.
Lung cancer
Asbestos exposure is a risk factor for lung cancer and also has a synergistic effect
with cigarette smoke.
Aspergilloma
An aspergilloma is a fungus ball which often colonises an existing lung cavity
(e.g. secondary to TB, lung cancer or cystic fibrosis)
Hemorrhagic
ovarian cysts are the result of bleeding from vascular tissues in the walls of the freshly formed corpus luteum or luteal cyst. The
hemorrhagic ovarian cyst of ovary can present in multiple ways, mimicking a
number of more ominous diseases or cysts of the ovary. These include
ovarian cancers to serous or mucinous cystadenomas. Sometimes, rupture
of the hemorrhagic ovarian cyst can result in a medical emergency.
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Hemorrhagic Ovarian Cyst on Transvaginal Ultrasound
Ovarian cysts are closed, sac-like structures within the ovary that are filled with a liquid
or semisolid substance.
A chest X-ray is exposing the chest briefly to
radiation
to produce an image of the chest and the organs in the chest.
An X-ray film is positioned against the body opposite the camera,and there is two view anterior-posterior and lateral view. which
sends
out a small dose of a radiation beam. As the radiation penetrates
the chest wall,
it is absorbed in varying amounts by different body tissues depending on
the tissue's composition of air, water, blood, bone, or muscle. Bones, for
example, absorb much of the X-ray radiation while lung tissue (which is filled with
mostly air) absorbs very little, allowing most of the X-ray beam to pass through
the lung. Watch this video:
Systematic Review:
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General
See XRay Interpretation
Compare findings from side to side
Alignment
Note if patient is lordotic or kyphotic
Note patient rotation
Spinous processes midway between clavicle heads
Specific points of exam
Lines and Tubes
Bones
Soft tissues
Pleural spaces
Mediastinum
Cardiovascular structures
Lung parenchyma
Infradiaphragmatic areas
Standard Checks
Hilum is higher on the left
Hemidiaphragm is lower on the left
May be variable in older patients
Right hemidiaphragm sharply outlined
Left hemidiaphragm sharply outlined lateral to apex
CT scanning—sometimes alleged CAT scanning—is a noninvasive medical analysis that helps physicians analyze and amusement medical conditions.
CT scanning combines adapted x-ray accessories with adult computers to aftermath assorted images or pictures of the central of the body. These cross-sectional images of the breadth actuality advised can again be advised on a computer monitor, printed or transferred to a CD.
CT scans of centralized organs, bones, bendable tissue and claret argosy accommodate greater accuracy and acknowledge added capacity than approved x-ray exams.
Using a array of techniques, including adjusting the radiation dosage based on accommodating admeasurement and freshcomputer application technology, the bulk of radiation bare to accomplish a chest CT browse can be decidedly reduced. A low-dose chest CT produces images of acceptable angel affection to ascertain abounding lung diseases and abnormalities application up to 65 percent beneath ionizing radiation than a accepted chest CT scan. This is abnormally accurate for audition and afterward lung cancer. Other diseases, such as the apprehension of pulmonary array and interstitial lung ache may not be adapted for low-dose chest CT. Your radiologist will adjudge the able settings to be acclimated for your browse depending on your medical problems and what advice is bare from the CT scan. If your adolescent is to accept a CT scan, the able low-dose pediatric settings should be used.
What are the benefits vs. risks? Benefits
CT is fast, which is important for patients who accept agitation captivation their breath.
CT scanning is painless, noninvasive and accurate.
A above advantage of CT is its adeptness to angel bone, bendable tissue and claret argosy all at the aforementioned time.
Clashing accepted x-rays, CT scanning provides actual abundant images of abounding types of tissue as able-bodied as the lungs, bones, and claret vessels.
CT examinations are fast and simple; in emergency cases, they can acknowledge centralized injuries and bleeding bound abundant to advice save lives.
CT has been apparent to be a cost-effective imaging apparatus for a advanced ambit of analytic problems.
CT is beneath acute to accommodating movement than MRI.
CT can be performed if you accept an built-in medical accessory of any kind, clashing MRI.
CT imaging provides real-time imaging, authoritative it a acceptable apparatus for allegorical minimally invasive procedures such as aggravate biopsies and aggravate aspirations of abounding areas of the body, decidedly the lungs, abdomen, abdomen and bones.
A analysis bent by CT scanning may annihilate the charge for basic anaplasty and surgical biopsy.
No radiation charcoal in a patient's anatomy afterwards a CT examination.
X-rays acclimated in CT scans usually accept no actual ancillary effects.
Low-dose CT scans of the chest use a lower dosage of radiation than accepted chest CT.
Risks
There is consistently a slight adventitious of blight from boundless acknowledgment to radiation. However, the account of an authentic analysis far outweighs the risk.
The able radiation dosage for this action varies. See the Safety folio for added advice about radiation dose.
Women should consistently acquaint their physician and x-ray or CT technologist if there is any achievability that they are pregnant. See the Safety folio for added advice about abundance and x-rays.
CT scanning is, in general, not recommended for abundant women unless medically all-important because of abeyant accident to the baby.
Nursing mothers should delay for 24 hours afterwards adverse actual bang afore resuming breast-feeding.
The accident of austere allergic acknowledgment to adverse abstracts that accommodate iodine is acutely rare, and radiology departments are well-equipped to accord with them.
Because accouchement are added acute to radiation, they should accept a CT assay alone if it is capital for authoritative a analysis and should not accept again CT exams unless actually necessary. CT scans in accouchement should consistently be done with low-dose technique.
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CAT is very important in this section in comparison with other parts in the body,so we can not imagine any neuro-surgeon not use CAT.
This video for CAT Brain and Skull
This video for Normal CT
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